Proceedings of the

Desert Fishes Council

VOLUME XXX

1998 ANNUAL SYMPOSIUM

12 - 15 November

Wahweap Lodge

Page, Arizona

 

Edited by

Dean A. Hendrickson

Texas Natural History Collection

University of Texas at Austin

J. J.Pickle Research Campus, Building 176

10100 Burnet Road

Austin, Texas 78758-4445

 

published: November 15, 1999 ISSN 1068-0381

P.O. Box 337 u Bishop, California 93515-0337 u 760-872-8751 Voice & Fax u e-mail: phil at desertfishes dot org


MISSION / MISION

The mission of the Desert Fishes Council is to preserve the biological integrity of desert aquatic ecosystems and their associated life forms, to hold symposia to report related research and management endeavors, and to effect rapid dissemination of information concerning activities of the Council and its members.

OFFICERS / OFICIALES

President: Michael E. Douglas, Dept. Zoology and Museum, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1501

President-elect: Gary P. Garrett, HOH Research Station, Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Ingram, Texas 78025

Executive Secretary: E. Phil Pister, Bishop, California, P.O. Box 337, Bishop, California 93515-0337

COMMITTEES / COMITES

Executive Committee: Michael E. Douglas, Gary P. Garrett, Dean A. Hendrickson, Nadine Kanim, Paul C. Marsh, E. Phil Pister

Area Coordinator: Nadine Kanim

Awards: David Propst

Membership: Paul C. Marsh

Proceedings Editor: Dean A. Hendrickson

Proceedings Reviewers (this volume): James E. Brooks and Robert J. Edwards

Proceedings Translation: Translations to Spanish by Lloyd Findley and Miguel-Angel Cisneros, assisted by Natalie Findley and Gabriela Montemayor

Program: Michael E. Douglas (Chair), Dean A. Hendrickson, Nadine Kanim

MEMBERSHIP / MEMBRESIA

Membership in the Desert Fishes Council is open to any person or organization interested in or engaged in the management, protection, or scientific study of desert fishes, or some related phase of desert fish conservation. Membership includes subscription to the Proceedings of the Desert Fishes Council. Annual dues are $25 (regular: domestic or foreign), $15 (student), $35 (family: 1 Proceedings), >$35 (sustaining) and $1,000 (patron: single payment). Send dues payments and general contributions along with address information (including affiliation, voice, fax, and e-mail) and indication of permission to include this information in a published directory of the Desert Fishes Council to: Paul C. Marsh, Membership Chair, Center for Environmental Studies, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-3211 USA; fish.dr_at_asu.edu (602/965-2977; FAX 602/965-8087).

ABOUT PROCEEDINGS OF THE DESERT FISHES COUNCIL / SOBRE PROCEDIMIENTOS DEL CONSEJO DE PECES DEL DESIERTO

It is the policy of the Council to publish in the annual Proceedings of the Desert Fishes Council papers, abstracts, discussion summaries, business items, resolutions, and other material submitted for presentation, whether actually presented at the Annual Symposium or not. The Proceedings are published and delivered to all members of the Desert Fishes Council and subscribing libraries in the year following the Annual Symposium. All contributed abstracts are published as received following automated electronic processing designed to standardize format only. Authors are responsible for their own technical editing and for any errors caused by failure to follow Instructions to Authors (published on World Wide Web or available from the Proceedings Editor on request). Proofs of abstracts are not provided to authors for review prior to publication. Full papers based on papers presented at meetings may be submitted. Full papers are subjected to peer review. Proofs are provided to authors prior to publication. Resolutions are published exactly as passed by the membership in the business meeting of the Annual Symposium. The Proceedings Translation Committee accepts responsibility for errors in translations to Spanish for those abstracts they translate. This committee provides original translations of all abstracts and resolutions when translations are not provided by authors, and edits all Spanish abstracts provided by authors. Translations to English of all abstracts received only in Spanish are done by the Translations Subcommittee.

The Desert Fishes Council offers extensive information on the World Wide Web about itself and the organisms and ecosystems it strives to protect:

http://www.desertfishes.org/

Permission to utilize copyrighted artwork on the cover was granted by University of Arizona Press and the artist, Barbara Terkanian

 

ISSN 1068-0381 The entire DFC Proceedings is printed on recycled paper.


TABLE OF CONTENTS / TABLA DE CONTENIDOS

MISSION / MISION inside front cover

OFFICERS / OFICIALES inside front cover

COMMITTEES / COMITES inside front cover

MEMBERSHIP / MEMBRESIA inside front cover

ABOUT PROCEEDINGS OF THE DESERT FISHES COUNCIL / SOBRE PROCEDIMIENTOS DEL CONSEJO DE PECES DEL DESIERTO inside front cover

Abstracts Alphabetized By First Author / Resumenes en Orden Alfabetico por Primer Autor *

SYMPOSIUM / SIMPOSIO *

POSTERS / CARTELES *

MINUTES OF THE BUSINESS MEETING / MINUTAS DE LA REUNION DE NEGOCIOS *

RESOLUTIONS / RESOLUCIONES *

DFC Hydrologic Basin and Agency Report Coordinators *


Abstracts Alphabetized By First Author / Resumenes en Orden Alfabetico por Primer Autor

Bestgen, K. R.*; Beyers, D. W.; Haines, G. B.; Rice, J. A.

(KRB and DWB - Larval Fish Laboratory, Department of Fishery and Wildlife Biology, Colorado State University; GBH - U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Colorado River Fishery Project; JAR - Department of Zoology, North Carolina State University)

Abstract

Resumen

Brunner, P. C.*; Douglas, M. R.; Douglas, M. E.

(Department of Biology and Museum, Arizona State University, Tempe)

Abstract

Resumen

Deason, B. P.

(Northern Arizona University)

Abstract

Resumen

Douglas, M. E.*; Douglas, M. R.; Brunner, P. C.

(Department of Biology and Museum, Arizona State University, Tempe)

Abstract

Resumen

Dowling, T. E.*; Marsh, P. C.; Tibbets, C. A.; Secor, C. L.

(Department of Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ)

Abstract

Resumen

Dudley, R. K.; Platania, S. P.

(Department of Biology, Museum of Southwestern Biology, Division of Fishes, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM)

Abstract

Resumen

Echelle, A. A.*; Van Den Bussche, R. A.; Minckley, C. O.; Malloy, T.; Marsh, P. C.

(AAE, RVDB and TM - Zoology Dept., Okla. State Univ., Stillwater, OK; COM - U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Parker AZ; PCM - Zoology Dept., Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ)

Abstract

Resumen

Foster, D. K.*; Mueller, G. A.

(Northern Arizona University; USGS Biological Resources Division)

Abstract

Resumen

García de León, F. J.; Rodríguez Castro, J. H.; Banda Valdez, A.; González García, L.; Herrera Castillo, J. M.

(FJGL, JHRC, LGG and JMHC - Laboratorio de Zoología, Instituto Tecnológico de Cd. Victoria, Tamaulipas; ABV - Dirección General de Pesca, Gobierno del Estado de Tamaulipas)

Abstract

Resumen

Garrett, G. P.

(Texas Parks and Wildlife Dept., HOH Research Station, Ingram, TX)

Abstract

Resumen

Two federally endangered fishes (Comanche Springs pupfish, Cyprinodon elegans, Leon Springs pupfish, C. bovinus) and one that is currently proposed for listing as endangered (Pecos pupfish, C. pecosensis) are threatened by hybridization with sheepshead minnow (C. variegatus). The sheepshead minnow is a non-native fish that was inadvertently introduced into Lake Balmorhea, Reeves County, Texas more than 30 years ago and has since been moved throughout the region by bait-bucket transfer. A project to remove sheepshead minnow from Lake Balmorhea was undertaken in August 1998 to remove this source of endangered species problems in West Texas.

Eliminating sheepshead minnow from Lake Balmorhea would remove the primary source of this noxious species from West Texas, thus eliminating the hybridization threat and vastly reducing the likelihood of this fish threatening additional species (e.g., Conchos pupfish, C. eximius and Red River pupfish, C. rubrofluviatilis) and necessitating more listings of endangered species in Texas. In addition, removing sheepshead minnow from the lake would make that habitat available for Comanche Springs pupfish, thereby helping to insure the survival of an already endangered species. This would not only provide additional insurance against extinction, but also would benefit the local agricultural community. Not only do Comanche Springs pupfish depend on spring flows for survival, the spring flows are also essential to local farmers for irrigation water. In recent years, Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) has developed a cooperative alliance with farmers through an understanding that the Endangered Species Act will protect spring flows for the pupfish, but once the water has moved through their habitat it is then available for irrigation. Thus, the farmers see the pupfish as their insurance against "extinction".

Cooperation and assistance by the local community was essential and by renovating the impoundment, we were also afforded the opportunity to vastly improve sport fishing and bird watching opportunities at the reservoir. Thus, the benefits of the project were not only in conservation of natural resources, but also included the reduction or elimination of potentially burdensome regulations on the local agricultural community and provision of enhanced recreational opportunities for people throughout the trans-Pecos region of Texas and beyond.

Lake Balmorhea is an irrigation water storage impoundment. Water is supplied primarily by spring flows from San Solomon Springs (approximately 75,708,240 liters/day) located in Balmorhea State Park. Water conveyance is by a concrete flume winding approximately 7 km from the spring to the reservoir. The water drops 0.5 m from the flume into a small pool and flows 1,100 m through an inflow canal to the reservoir.

The process of removing sheepshead minnow from Lake Balmorhea necessitated the elimination of all fishes in the lake. This opportunity allowed TPWD to restore a sport fishery by stocking the lake in a way that would benefit recreational fishing in the area. A Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) was developed with the local water authority, Reeves County Water Improvement District, for close coordination of renovation efforts. They agreed to lower the reservoir level from 200 surface hectares to 40 surface hectares in order to enhance our efforts. In so doing it also provided the opportunity to build islands on the exposed lake bottom to provide additional habitat for migratory waterfowl. When lowered to 40 surface hectares, more than 95% of the impoundment was less than 0.3 m deep and a small channel leading to the dam outflow was the deepest part at approximately 2 m. The Reeves County Water Improvement District is to be commended for their progressive actions in not only recognizing innovative ways to protect their spring flows, but also in helping to eliminate a source of endangered species problems in West Texas. Our efforts were also greatly enhanced by assistance of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. In addition to planning and manual labor, they provided the rotenone necessary to renovate the lake.

On 21 August 1998, water entering the inflow canal into the lake was diverted in order to reduce the size of the reservoir as well as to assure no additional fresh water dilution of the rotenone during and following application. Fish in the inflow canal area were stranded in isolated, drying puddles and on the morning of 24 August we observed the vast majority of fishes (>99%) in this area were already dead.

Renovation began at 10:00 a.m., 24 August 1998 with rotenone applied by crop duster at a calculated rate of 3 ppm. The applicator followed a GPS-guided grid to assure even and complete coverage of all wetted areas of the reservoir as well as the damp perimeter. Additional rotenone was injected by pump into the small, 2 m deep channel at the dam outlet. On 25 August 1998, the wetted areas below the dam were treated by backpack spray application.

Fish counts on shoreline segments and transects through the lake were made by the TPWD Fish Kill Monitoring Team. Of 7,879,597 total fish estimated to have been killed in Lake Balmorhea, Table 1 indicates the distribution among species. Dead fish were collected on 24, 25 and 26 August 1998 by personnel from TPWD, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, University of Texas-Pan American and local volunteers. Fish were loaded into a dump truck provided by Reeves County and moved to trenches dug in the dried lake bottom. In this way a large volume of dead fish was removed from the water, but would provide nutrient input to the lake as it refilled. On 26 August 1998, inflow to the reservoir was restored and the lake began to fill.

Three weeks after the fish kill, selected locations around the impoundment and the entire inflow canal were seined and no fish were collected. Seven weeks after the kill, our seining collections revealed the presence of C. variegatus in the lake and inflow canal. Estimated densities of all C. variegatus were: 0 on the east side of lake; 2/m2 on the west side of the lake, near the inflow canal; 3/m2 in the lower section of the inflow canal; 14/m2 in the upper section of the inflow canal, and 200/m2 in the upper-most pool of the inflow canal. We re-applied rotenone to the inflow canal, killing everything in it. The next day we returned and made transect counts. An estimated 70,000 C. variegatus were killed in the inflow canal area. Most were 15 – 25 mm SL and approximately 5% were adults, 25 - 37mm SL.

How C. variegatus reappeared in the lake is unclear. Some possible explanations are:

  1. There is a source of C. variegatus upstream and some event caused all these fish to wash down over a short period of time. This is unlikely because so many fish appeared so rapidly and because the entire upstream area was surveyed before and after the rotenone operation and no potential source was located.
  2. The operation was sabotaged by someone stocking sheepshead minnow in the inflow canal. Although the inflow canal is obscured from view by dense vegetation, it is unlikely that someone would go to that much trouble to move that many fish.
  3. Some fish in the lake somehow survived the treatment and moved into the inflow canal and congregated at high densities. This explanation is odd, because the upper end of the inflow canal is the center of abundance, with density dropping as one moves downstream into the lake (200/m2 to 14/m2 to 3/m2 to 2/m2). Also, abundance is inversely correlated with preferred habitat (flowing, gravel-bottomed pool to flowing, gravel canal to shallow, muddy, vegetated expanse of shoreline).

In order to maintain our MOA commitment, as well as relations with the local community, seven weeks after rotenone application we began restocking Lake Balmorhea with sportfish. The initial stocking was: 2,420 channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus, average 0.4 kg), 844 blue catfish (Ictalurus furcatus, average 0.3 kg) and 144 large, adult channel catfish (average 5.4 kg). We will follow in December 1998 with 29,000 more channel catfish (average 254 mmTL). In the spring of 1999 we will begin the remainder of the stocking program which will include more channel catfish, largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides salmoides and triploid M. s. floridanus), bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus), white crappie (Pomoxis annularis) and gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum).

Despite the lack of success in complete eradication of sheepshead minnow, other benefits from the overall effort were attained. The partially drained lake allowed us to build islands for bird habitat. These islands will benefit migratory and nesting birds as well as provide enhanced opportunities for bird watchers in this popular birding spot. Vegetation was planted in some of the exposed areas. This vegetation will provide improved habitat for small fishes when the lake rises as well as a feeding area for migratory waterfowl.

Monitoring of the pupfishes in Lake Balmorhea will continue in order to determine the ultimate effect of our renovation project. The large number of sport fishes that will be stocked in the reservoir will likely have an impact on sheepshead minnow through piscivory, particularly during the annual irrigation draw-down when fishes will be concentrated in the remaining water. Unfortunately, as long as sheepshead minnow remains in Lake Balmorhea there will be a hybridization threat to the endemic pupfishes. Plans for more restrictive bait fish regulations and public education are being formulated.

Table 1. Fish kill estimates from the renovation of Lake Balmorhea

Species

Estimated Number Killed

%

Gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum)

709,164

9.0

Common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

15,759

0.2

Misc. cyprinids

1,024,348

13.0

Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)

23,639

0.3

Sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus)

5,310,000

67.4

Gulf killifish (Fundulus grandis)

39,398

0.5

Inland silversides (Menidia beryllina)

709,164

9.0

Striped bass (Morone saxatilis)

5

<0.1

Largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)

1,576

<0.1

Misc. centrarchids

47,278

0.6

Total

7,879,597

100

 

 

Garrett, G. P.*; Allan, N.; Edwards, R. J.; Hubbs, C.

(GPG - Texas Parks and Wildlife Dept., HOH Research Station, Ingram, TX; NA - USFWS, Ecological Services, Austin, TX; RJE - UT-Pan American, Edinburg, TX; CH - UT-Austin, Austin, TX)

Abstract

Resumen

Gorman, O. T.*; Bramblett, R. G.; Van Haverbeke, D. R.; Stone, D. M.; Van Hoosen, R. R.

(OTG, RGB, DRV and DMS - U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Grand Canyon Fishery Resources Office, Flagstaff, AZ; RRH - U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Willow Beach National Fish Hatchery, Willow Beach, AZ)

Abstract

Resumen

Hendrickson, D. A.*; Stephens, M. J.

(Texas Natural History Collection, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, U.S.A.)

Abstract

Resumen

Hoagstrom, C. W.*; Brooks, J. E.

(U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, New Mexico Fishery Resources Office, Albuquerque, NM)

Abstract

Resumen

Hoffnagle, T. L.*; Valdez, R. A.

(TLH - Research Branch, Arizona Game and Fish Department, Flagstaff, AZ; RAV - SWCA, Inc., Logan, UT)

Abstract

Resumen

Hogrefe, T. C.; Toline, C. A.; Seamons, T. R.; Lentsch, L.

(TCH, CAT and TRS - Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Utah State University, Logan, UT; LL - Utah Division of Wildlife Resources, Salt Lake City, UT)

Abstract

Resumen